Ionizing and Non-Ionizing
The electromagnetic radiation can have a natural or artificial origin and are constituted by photons, atomic particles possessing energy whose value is proportional to the radiated frequency. This feature of increasing energy did divide the electromagnetic spectrum in ionizing and non-ionizing radiation below and above the wavelength of 100nm respectively (3x1015 Hz). Ionizing because at these frequencies the energy levels are so high (>12eV) they can ionize atoms and molecules of matter, so they are extremely dangerous because they can damage the DNA structure of a living being.
Radiation emitted by overhead high voltage power lines (50Hz/60Hz), all radio transmission systems (9 kHz to 300 GHz), the infrared optical fibers (750nm to 1mm), visible light (400nm to 750nm) and part of ultraviolet radiation (100nm to 400nm).
Examples of non-ionizing radiation natural sources are the rays produced by lightning and the sun's rays.
The effects from exposure to non-ionizing radiation are:
· Direct: electrocution and thermal effects sunburn, skin aging, blindness, etc.;
· Indirect: fire and explosion;
· Non-thermal effects: a category created for cases without apparent explanation.
The non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation is present everywhere, at home, at work or on the street, along the electric, electronic and telecommunication systems wireless, telephone, Internet, radio, terrestrial television, cable, satellite, by sunlight, etc..
The maximum radiation emitted by an antenna follows its axis in one direction in a manner analogous to focus of a flashlight and level of radiation decreases inversely with the square of the distance. The two combined effects ensure that the levels of radiation exposure are, in most cases, relatively weak. Behind and below the antennae radiation levels are also weaker.
With the introduction of digital radio systems, the power levels required for transmission are substantially smaller than those employed in analogic technology.
The levels of population exposure to non-ionizing radiation, including those issued by antennas (0Hz to 300GHz or in wavelength > 1mm) are regulated internationally by ICNIRP guidelines.
(*) ICNIRP - International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection
Radiações Ionizantes
Spectrum of ionizing radiation comprises the ultraviolet (10nm to 100mm), the alpha, beta and gamma (X-ray) and the cosmic rays. Some natural substances emit ionizing radiation. The granite, for example, liberates radioactive gas, radon, by the uranium contained therein.
Ionizing radiation is extremely dangerous for the ability to ionize atoms and molecules and so can damage the cell structure of the DNA of a living being, causing cancers and leukemias. Ionizing radiation is used to cell destruction in cancer treatment in hospital premises.
Final Thoughts
This document is not to argue that non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation are harmless or its opposite. Apparently these radiations are not the cause of cancers although its thermal effect, with levels in excess, may accelerate the metabolism of an existing one. In biochemical laboratories, ovens serve to accelerate the process of cell replication as refrigerators serve to delay.